Balinese   

Origin

The Balinese alphabet or Carakan descended ultimately from the from Brahmi script of ancient India by way of the Pallava and Old Kawi scripts. The oldest known inscriptions in the Balinese alphabet date from the 11th century AD, but they are thought to be reproductions of texts originally written on palm leaves at an earlier date.

The Balinese alphabet is still used to this day, although very few people are familiar with it and it is mainly used for religious works. Generally a version of the Latin alphabet is used instead, though what little Balinese printed material exists in the Latin alphabet consists mainly of school books, religious works and a few books of stories. Balinese children are taught to read and write Balinese in the Latin alphabet at primary school, though few read or write it in later life.

Notable features

• Type of writing system: syllabic alphabet / abugida.
• Each consonant has an inherent vowel. Other vowels can be indicated using diacritics which appear above, below, in front of or after the consonant. If the vowels appear in the middle of a word, the vowel signs are attached to the syllable ha. Independent vowel letters are used when a word begins with a vowel.
• Each consonant has an appended form (Pangangge Akśara) which is used when one consonant follows another without a vowel in between.
• Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines.
• There are no spaces between words.

Used to write

Balinese (Basa Bali), an Austronesian language spoken by about 3 million people mainly on the Indonesian island of Bali and in western part of the neighbouring island of Lombok. Balinese is also spoken in Nusapenida, Java and Sulawesi.

Balinese consonants (Akśara Wreşāstra)

The appended forms (Pangangge Akśara) are shown in red.

Additional Balinese consonants (Akśara Şwalalita)

There consonants are used for writing words from the Kawi (Old Javanese) language.

The final consonants are shown in red.

Balinese vowels (Akśara Suara)

Balinese vowel diacrtics

Balinese semi vowels

Balinese sound killers (Pangangge Tengenan)

These symbols are used at the ends of syllables to add a consonant sound or to mute the inherent vowel.

Balinese numerals

Miscellaneous Balinese symbols

Balinese punctuation

BAHASA BALI PART II

Artikel ini kelanjutan dari artikel sebelumnya yang membahas masalah kata swadesh dalam bahasa bali. 

K.

Kabut = kabut, aus

Kaki = batis, cokor

Kamu = cai, ragane

Kanan = tengawan

Kata = keruna

Kecil = cenik, alit

Kelahi = siat, yuda

Kepala = duur, sirah, prabu

Kering = tuh

Kiri = kebot, tengedel

Kotor = daki, kotor

Kuku = kuku, naka

Kulit = kulit

Kuning = kuning,  gading

Kutu = kutu

L.

Lain = len, liyan

Laut = pasih, segara

Lebar = linggah, jembar

Leher = baong, kanta

Lelaki = muani, lanang

Lempar = entungang, sabat

Licin = belig

Lidah = layah

Lihat = iwasin, tingalin

Lima = lima, panca

Ludah = paes

Lurus = benang

Lutut  = entut

M.

Main = main, melali

Makan = madaar, ngajeng, ngerayunin

Malam = peteng, wengi

Mata = mata, penyingakan

Matahari = matarai, surya

Mati = mati, seda

Merah = bang, barak

Minum = nginum

Mulut = bungut, cangkem

Muntah = ngutah

N.

Nama = adan, wastan, parab

Napas = angkihan

Nyanyi = magending

O.

Orang = anak

P.

Panas = panes

Panjang = dawa, panjang

Pasir = pasir, bias

Pegang = gisi, gamel

Pendek = bawak

Perempuan = luh, istri

Perut = basang, weteng, waduk

Pikir = keneh

Pohon = punyan

Potong = tugel

Pusar = pusat, pungsed

Putih = putih

R.

Rambut = bok, rambut

Rumput = padang, rumput

S.

Satu  = besik, siki

Sayap = kampid, sayap

Sedikit = abedik, akedik

Sempit = cupit

Semua = onya, makejang

Siang = tengai, siang

Sungai = tukad

T.

Tahu (me-i) = nawang, uning

Tahun = tahun, warsa

Tajam = lanying, mangan

Takut -= takut

Tali = tali

Tanah = tanah, lemah

Tangan = lima, tangan

Tarik = kedeng

Tebal = tebel

Telinga = telinga, krona

Telur = taluh

Terbang = makeber

Tertawa = kedek, ica

Tetek = nyonyo, susu

Tidak = tusing, nenten

Tidur = pules, masare, makolem

Tiga = telu, tiga

Tikam = tabek, tawek

Tipis = tipis

Tiup = upin

Tongkat = tungked

Tua = tua, lingsir

Tulang = tulang

Tumpul = puntul

U.

Ular = lelipi

Usus = usus

BAHASA BALI PART I

Bahasa Bali adalah sebuah bahasa Austronesia dari cabang Sundik dan lebih spesifik dari anak cabang Bali-Sasak. Bahasa ini terutama dipertuturkan di pulau Bali, pulau Lombokbagian barat, dan sedikit di ujung timur pulau Jawa. Di Bali sendiri Bahasa Bali memiliki tingkatan penggunaannya, misalnya ada yang disebut Bali Alus, Bali Madya dan Bali Kasar. Yang halus dipergunakan untuk bertutur formal misalnya dalam pertemuan di tingkat desa adat, meminang wanita, atau antara orang berkasta rendah dengan berkasta lebih tinggi. Yang madya dipergunakan di tingkat masyarakat menengah misalnya pejabat dengan bawahannya, sedangkan yang kasar dipergunakan bertutur oleh orang kelas rendah misalnya kaum sudra atau antara bangsawan dengan abdi dalemnya, Di Lombok bahasa Bali terutama dipertuturkan di sekitar kota Mataram, sedangkan di pulau Jawa bahasa Bali terutama dipertuturkan di beberapa desa di kabupaten Banyuwangi. Selain itu bahasa Osing, sebuah dialek Jawa khas Banyuwangi, juga menyerap banyak kata-kata Bali. Misalkan sebagai contoh kata osing yang

berarti “tidak” diambil dari bahasa Bali tusing. Bahasa Bali dipertuturkan oleh kurang lebih 4 juta jiwa.

di bawah ini saya kutipkan beberapa kata swadesh dalam bahasa bali kasar dan halus :

A.

abu = awu

air = yeh, toya

akar = akah

alir (me) = kamelar

anak = panak, pianak, oka, putra

angin = anginm udara

anjing = cicing, asu

apa = apa, api

api = api, agni

apung (me) = kamonang

asap = andus, asep

awan = ambun

ayah = bapa, aji

B.

bagaimana = ken-ken, asapunapi

baik = luung, becik

bakar = tunjel

banyak = liyu, katah, akeh

baru = anyar

basah = belus

batu = batu, watu

benar = beneh, patut

bengkak = beseh

benih = bibit

berat = baat, abwat

berenang = ngelangi

beri = baang, icen

berjalan = majalan, mamargi

besar = gede, ageng

binatang = buron

bintang = bintang, lintang

buah = buah, woh

bulan = bulan

bulu = bulu

bunga = bunga, kembang

bunuh = matiang, sedaang

berburu = boros

buruk = jelek

burung = kedis, paksi

busuk = berek

C.

cacing = cacing

cium = diman

D.

daging = be, ulam

dan = lan

danau = danu

darah = getih, rah

datang = teka, rauh

daun = don, ron

debu = abu, awu

deket = peak, perek

dengan = teken

di dalam = di tengah, ring jero

dimana = dija, ring dija

disitu = ditu, derika

disini  = dini, deriki

dingin = dingin

dorong = sogok, surung

dua = dadua, kalih

duduk = negak, melinggih

E.

ekor = ikuh, ikut

empat = pat-pat, catur

G.

garam = uyah, tasik

gemuk = mokoh, embuh

gigi = gigi, untu, waja

gigit = gut-gut

gosok = gosok

gunung = gunung, giri

H. 

hantam = antem

hapus = usap

hati = hati, ati

hidung = cunguh, irung

hidup = idup, urip

hijau = gadang, ijo

hisap = isep

hitam = badeng, selem

hitung = itung

hujan = hujan, sabeh

hutan = alas, wana

I.

ia = ia, ipun

ibu = meme, biyang

ikan = be

ikat = tegul

ini = ene, niki

itu = ento, nika

J.

jahit = jait, jarit

jantung = jantung

jatuh = ulung, runtuh

jauh = joh, adoh

Bersambung !!!!!

Javanese alphabet   

The earliest known writing in Javanese dates from the 4th Century AD, at which time Javanese was written with the Pallava alphabet. By the 10th Century the Kawi alphabet, which developed from Pallava, had a distinct Javanese form.

By the 17th Century, the Javanese alphabet, also known as tjarakan or carakan, had developed into its current form. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia between 1942 and 1945, the alphabet was prohibited.

For a period from the 15th Century onwards, Javanese was also written with a version of the Arabic alphabet, called pégon or gundil.

Since the Dutch introduced the Latin alphabet to Indonesia in the 19th Century, the Javanese alphabet has gradually been supplanted. Today it is used almost exclusively by scholars and for decoration. Those who can read and write it are held in high esteem.

Notable features

• Type of writing system: syllabic alphabet - each letter has an inherent vowel /a/. Other vowels can be indicated using a variety of diacritics which appear above, below, in front of or after the main letter.
• Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines
• Each consonants has two forms: the aksara form is used at the beginning of a syllable, while the pasangan form, which usually appears below the aksaraform, is used for the second consonant of a consonant cluster and mutes the vowel of the aksara.
• There are a number of special letters called aksara murda or aksara gedhe(great or important letters) which are used for honorific purposes, such as to write the names of respected people.
• The order of the consonants makes the following saying, Hana caraka, data sawala padha jayanya, maga bathanga which means "There were (two) emissaries, they began to fight, their valor was equal, they both fell dead"

Used to write:

Javanese (basa Jawa), an austronesian language spoken by about 80 million people in Indonesia and Suriname. In Indonesia Javanese is spoken in Java, particularly in central and east Java, and on the north coast of West Java, and in Madura, Bali, Lombok and in the Sunda region of West Java.

Javanese was used as the court language in Palembang, South Sumatra until the late 18th century and has been used as a literary language for over a millenium. It currently has no official status though is recognised as a regional language in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java. It is taught in some schools, and there are some radio and TV programmes in Javanese, as well as a number of magazines.

The Javanese alphabet was also used to write Balinese and Sundanese, but has been replaced by the Latin alphabet.

The Javanese alphabet

Aksara Wyanjana (Consonants)

Aksara Carakan and Pasangan

Note: ḍa (ɖa) and ṭa (ʈa) are usually written dha and tha. Ḍa and ṭa are used here to differentiate dha (ɖa) and tha (ʈa) in modern Javanese and dha (d̪ha) and tha (t̪ha) in old Javanese.

Aksara murda consonants

Extra consonants (rarely used)

Aksara for writing Old Javanese

To write old Javanese some of the letters are aspirated. The arrangement of consonants is based on standard Sanskrit.

Vowels (Aksara Swara)

Vowel diacritics (Aksara Swara)

Sound Killers (Sanḍangan Panyigeging Wanda)

Semivowel diacritics (Sanḍangan Wyanjana)

Numerals (Angka)

Punctuation

Additional Characters (Aksara Rekan)

Sample text in the Javanese alphabet (Lord's Prayer)

Transliteration

Rama kahula hīkā wonten 'ī swarga. wasta sampeyan dadossa subši. sadžaman sampeyan rawuḥha. kars sampeyan dadossa 'ī bumi kados 'ī swarga. redžekki kahula kā saintendinten sukanni dinten puniki marī kahula. hambi puntan marī kahula dosa kahula, kados kahula puntan marī satungiltūgil titiyū kā salaḥ marī kahula. hambi sampun bekta kahula 'ī pertšoban. tapi tšutšullken kahula bari pada sā ṅawon, sabab sadžaman hambi kawasa sarta kamukten gusti kagū ṅannipun dumugi 'ī ṅawet. Amin

mongolian alphabet

Mongolian (монгол)

Mongolian is an Altaic language spoken by approximately 5 million people in Mongolia, China, Afghanistan and Russia. There are a number of closely related varieties of Mongolian: Khalkha or Halha, the national language of Mongolia, and Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, which are spoken mainly in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.

Other languages considered part of the Mongolian language family, but separate from Mongolian, include Buryat and Kalmyk, spoken in Russia and Moghul or Mogul, spoken in Afghanistan.

In 1208 Chinggis Khan defeated the Naiman, and captured their Uyghur scribe Tatar-Tonga, who apparently adapted the Old Uyghur alphabet to write Mongolian. The alphabet created by Tatar-Tonga is now known as the Uighur/Uyghur Script, the Classical Mongol Script, the Old Script, or Mongol Bichig in Mongolian.

Between the 13th and 15th Centuries, Mongolian was also written withChinese characters, the Arabic alphabet and a script derived from Tibetan calledPhags-pa.

As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabetin 1931 and the Cyrillic alphabet in 1937. In 1941 the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Classical Mongol script, but since 1994 they have been trying to bring it back. It is now taught to some extent in schools, though is mainly used for decorative purposes by artists, designers, calligraphers and poets. The average person in Mongolia knows little or nothing about the Classical Mongol script, though there is high literacy in Cyrillic. In Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China the Classical Mongol script is still used.

Classical Mongol script

Notable features

• Type of writing system: phonemic alphabet with separate letters for consonants and vowels.
• Direction of writing: left to right in vertical columns running from top to bottom.
• The letters have a number of different shapes, the choice of which depends on the position of a letter in a word and which letter follows it.

Vowels

Consonants

Consonant/vowel combinations

Numerals

The first set of numbers (tegen, nigen, etc.) are Classical Mongolian, the others are modern Mongolian.
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm