Javanese alphabet   

The earliest known writing in Javanese dates from the 4th Century AD, at which time Javanese was written with the Pallava alphabet. By the 10th Century the Kawi alphabet, which developed from Pallava, had a distinct Javanese form.

By the 17th Century, the Javanese alphabet, also known as tjarakan or carakan, had developed into its current form. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia between 1942 and 1945, the alphabet was prohibited.

For a period from the 15th Century onwards, Javanese was also written with a version of the Arabic alphabet, called pégon or gundil.

Since the Dutch introduced the Latin alphabet to Indonesia in the 19th Century, the Javanese alphabet has gradually been supplanted. Today it is used almost exclusively by scholars and for decoration. Those who can read and write it are held in high esteem.

Notable features

• Type of writing system: syllabic alphabet - each letter has an inherent vowel /a/. Other vowels can be indicated using a variety of diacritics which appear above, below, in front of or after the main letter.
• Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines
• Each consonants has two forms: the aksara form is used at the beginning of a syllable, while the pasangan form, which usually appears below the aksaraform, is used for the second consonant of a consonant cluster and mutes the vowel of the aksara.
• There are a number of special letters called aksara murda or aksara gedhe(great or important letters) which are used for honorific purposes, such as to write the names of respected people.
• The order of the consonants makes the following saying, Hana caraka, data sawala padha jayanya, maga bathanga which means "There were (two) emissaries, they began to fight, their valor was equal, they both fell dead"

Used to write:

Javanese (basa Jawa), an austronesian language spoken by about 80 million people in Indonesia and Suriname. In Indonesia Javanese is spoken in Java, particularly in central and east Java, and on the north coast of West Java, and in Madura, Bali, Lombok and in the Sunda region of West Java.

Javanese was used as the court language in Palembang, South Sumatra until the late 18th century and has been used as a literary language for over a millenium. It currently has no official status though is recognised as a regional language in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java. It is taught in some schools, and there are some radio and TV programmes in Javanese, as well as a number of magazines.

The Javanese alphabet was also used to write Balinese and Sundanese, but has been replaced by the Latin alphabet.

The Javanese alphabet

Aksara Wyanjana (Consonants)

Aksara Carakan and Pasangan

Note: ḍa (ɖa) and ṭa (ʈa) are usually written dha and tha. Ḍa and ṭa are used here to differentiate dha (ɖa) and tha (ʈa) in modern Javanese and dha (d̪ha) and tha (t̪ha) in old Javanese.

Aksara murda consonants

Extra consonants (rarely used)

Aksara for writing Old Javanese

To write old Javanese some of the letters are aspirated. The arrangement of consonants is based on standard Sanskrit.

Vowels (Aksara Swara)

Vowel diacritics (Aksara Swara)

Sound Killers (Sanḍangan Panyigeging Wanda)

Semivowel diacritics (Sanḍangan Wyanjana)

Numerals (Angka)

Punctuation

Additional Characters (Aksara Rekan)

Sample text in the Javanese alphabet (Lord's Prayer)

Transliteration

Rama kahula hīkā wonten 'ī swarga. wasta sampeyan dadossa subši. sadžaman sampeyan rawuḥha. kars sampeyan dadossa 'ī bumi kados 'ī swarga. redžekki kahula kā saintendinten sukanni dinten puniki marī kahula. hambi puntan marī kahula dosa kahula, kados kahula puntan marī satungiltūgil titiyū kā salaḥ marī kahula. hambi sampun bekta kahula 'ī pertšoban. tapi tšutšullken kahula bari pada sā ṅawon, sabab sadžaman hambi kawasa sarta kamukten gusti kagū ṅannipun dumugi 'ī ṅawet. Amin

mongolian alphabet

Mongolian (монгол)

Mongolian is an Altaic language spoken by approximately 5 million people in Mongolia, China, Afghanistan and Russia. There are a number of closely related varieties of Mongolian: Khalkha or Halha, the national language of Mongolia, and Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, which are spoken mainly in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.

Other languages considered part of the Mongolian language family, but separate from Mongolian, include Buryat and Kalmyk, spoken in Russia and Moghul or Mogul, spoken in Afghanistan.

In 1208 Chinggis Khan defeated the Naiman, and captured their Uyghur scribe Tatar-Tonga, who apparently adapted the Old Uyghur alphabet to write Mongolian. The alphabet created by Tatar-Tonga is now known as the Uighur/Uyghur Script, the Classical Mongol Script, the Old Script, or Mongol Bichig in Mongolian.

Between the 13th and 15th Centuries, Mongolian was also written withChinese characters, the Arabic alphabet and a script derived from Tibetan calledPhags-pa.

As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabetin 1931 and the Cyrillic alphabet in 1937. In 1941 the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Classical Mongol script, but since 1994 they have been trying to bring it back. It is now taught to some extent in schools, though is mainly used for decorative purposes by artists, designers, calligraphers and poets. The average person in Mongolia knows little or nothing about the Classical Mongol script, though there is high literacy in Cyrillic. In Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China the Classical Mongol script is still used.

Classical Mongol script

Notable features

• Type of writing system: phonemic alphabet with separate letters for consonants and vowels.
• Direction of writing: left to right in vertical columns running from top to bottom.
• The letters have a number of different shapes, the choice of which depends on the position of a letter in a word and which letter follows it.

Vowels

Consonants

Consonant/vowel combinations

Numerals

The first set of numbers (tegen, nigen, etc.) are Classical Mongolian, the others are modern Mongolian.
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm